Teen Strokes: Possible, Preventable, And Treatable

Strokes are a rare occurrence in teenagers, but they can and do happen. A stroke is a life-threatening condition caused by an interruption in the brain's blood supply, which can be due to a blocked blood vessel or bleeding in the brain. When blood flow to the brain is disrupted, brain cells begin to die due to a lack of oxygen. This can lead to severe and permanent brain damage, and even death. While strokes are more common in adults over the age of 65, they can occur at any age, and it is important to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for strokes in teenagers.

Types of strokes in teenagers

Strokes in teenagers are uncommon but possible. There are three main types of strokes that can occur in teens: ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic strokes are the most common type of stroke in teenagers. They occur when a blood clot blocks an artery supplying blood to the brain. This can happen when a clot forms and gets stuck in an artery, or when a clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain. Ischemic strokes can also occur when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, resulting in a mini-stroke or TIA. These are warning signs of a future stroke and require immediate medical attention.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Hemorrhagic strokes are less common in teenagers but can occur when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. This leads to a build-up of pressure that interferes with blood flow and damages brain cells. Hemorrhagic strokes can be caused by various factors, such as a broken blood vessel related to a head injury, arteriovenous malformation, or an aneurysm.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are sometimes referred to as "mini strokes." They occur when blood flow to the brain is blocked for a short period, usually no more than five minutes. TIAs are considered medical emergencies and warning signs of a future stroke. It is important to seek medical attention if a teenager experiences any stroke-like symptoms, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can minimize the risk of long-term disability.

Causes of strokes in teenagers

Strokes are rare in teenagers but not impossible. When they do occur, they are usually caused by underlying health conditions that increase the risk of stroke. Here are some common causes of strokes in teenagers:

Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary condition that affects the shape of red blood cells in response to physical stressors like infections. This change in shape can lead to blood clots, which are a common cause of ischemic strokes. About 10% of children with sickle cell anemia experience a stroke.

Heart Disease or Heart Malformations

Heart problems such as congenital heart disease, irregular heartbeat, heart function problems, or heart attacks can lead to stroke in teenagers. These conditions can cause disruptions in blood flow or bleeding in the brain, resulting in either ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes.

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

While hypertension is uncommon in teenagers, it can be a sign of an underlying medical issue, such as a hormonal imbalance. Untreated high blood pressure can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease or stroke.

Infections

Severe infections can disrupt the body's immune system and blood cells, leading to increased blood clotting and a higher risk of stroke. Infections such as meningitis or chickenpox have been associated with strokes in teenagers.

Head Trauma

Head injuries, such as concussions or other traumatic brain injuries, can trigger disruptions in the body that lead to either ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. This includes injuries that result in a lack of oxygen to the brain.

Blood Vessel Abnormalities

Abnormalities in blood vessels, such as aneurysms (bulging blood vessels) or arteriovenous malformations (abnormally connected vessels), can rupture and cause hemorrhagic strokes. These abnormalities may be present at birth or develop later in life.

Drugs and Supplements

The use of cigarettes, vaping products, energy drinks, caffeine pills, or illegal recreational drugs are all risk factors for stroke at any age, including during the teenage years.

Other Factors

Other factors that can increase the risk of stroke in teenagers include high cholesterol, hormonal changes due to pregnancy or hormone therapy, cancer and its treatments, migraines with aura, and metabolic disorders.

Symptoms of strokes in teenagers

Strokes are uncommon in teenagers but can occur due to underlying health conditions. The symptoms of a stroke in teenagers are similar to those in adults, but they may be more easily overlooked in younger people. If a teenager is experiencing any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.

Common Symptoms

• Severe head pain
• Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body
• Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
• Loss of balance and coordination
• Issues with speech, such as slurred speech or difficulty understanding words
• Confusion or agitation
• Memory loss
• Mood or behavioral changes
• Seizures

Acronyms to Remember Symptoms

The acronym FAST can be used to help identify the signs of a stroke:

• F for face drooping
• A for arm weakness
• S for speech difficulties
• T for time to call emergency care

Another acronym to remember is B.E.F.A.S.T:

• B is for balance – a sudden loss of balance
• E is for eyes – vision loss in one or both eyes
• F stands for face – an uneven smile or weakness in the face
• A means arm – weakness in one arm
• S is for speech – words sound slurred
• T means time – call emergency care right away

Complications of strokes in teenagers

Strokes are a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. While uncommon, teenagers can suffer strokes, and they can have serious consequences.

The effects of a stroke on a teenager will depend on which parts of the brain are affected. Some young people may recover fully, but others may experience permanent changes.

Cognitive and Communication Issues

Some teenagers may experience changes to their thinking and speaking abilities. This can include memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and problems with language.

Paralysis or Weakness

A stroke can cause paralysis or weakness on one side of the body. This can result in clumsiness or a tendency to use only one side of the body.

Vision Problems

Vision can also be affected by a stroke, with some teenagers experiencing blurred vision, double vision, or even severe vision problems.

Psychological Problems

Strokes can also cause psychological issues, such as confusion, irritability, depression, and anxiety. These emotional changes can affect physical and social issues, leading to adjustment difficulties.

Epilepsy

Additionally, children who have had a stroke are at a greater risk of developing epilepsy.

Long-term Effects

The long-term effects of a stroke on a teenager can vary depending on the severity of the stroke, the area of the brain affected, and the individual's overall health. Potential long-term effects may include problems with personality, intellectual abilities, and emotional regulation, as well as short-term memory loss and difficulty swallowing.

Treatment for strokes in teenagers

Strokes are a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is an interruption in the blood supply to the brain. While strokes predominantly occur in adults over the age of 65, they can happen at any age, including teenagers. Prompt medical attention is required in the event of a stroke, as early intervention is crucial for effective treatment and management. The treatment for strokes in teenagers will depend on the type of stroke and any underlying conditions. Here is an overview of the treatment options:

Medications

• Blood thinners (anticoagulants): These are used to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.
• Thrombolytic medications: Given intravenously (through a vein) to dissolve blood clots.
• Antibiotics: Used if there is an underlying bacterial infection.
• Anti-seizure medications (anticonvulsants): To manage seizures if they occur.

Surgery

• Clot removal: Surgery may be performed to remove a blood clot, reduce pressure, or stop bleeding in the brain.
• Correct heart defects: Surgical procedures may be necessary to correct heart defects or injuries that are causing the stroke.
• Repair of affected blood vessels: This may involve repairing damaged blood vessels or treating aneurysms or malformations.

Rehabilitation Therapies

• Physical therapy: To improve or regain movement, strength, and coordination.
• Speech therapy: To improve or regain verbal abilities and address any communication issues.
• Occupational therapy: To help the teenager regain the ability to perform daily activities such as bathing, dressing, and eating.
• Psychological support: Stroke can impact mental health, so psychological support and counselling may be offered to help manage any emotional changes, confusion, depression, or anxiety.

Other Treatments

• Blood transfusions: Particularly relevant for teenagers with sickle cell anemia.
• Oxygen supplementation: Ensuring adequate oxygen supply to the brain.

It is important to note that the recovery process for teenagers who have experienced a stroke often involves a comprehensive approach, including medical treatment, rehabilitation therapies, and ongoing support from healthcare professionals. Additionally, connecting with other teenagers and families who have gone through similar experiences can be beneficial during the recovery journey.

Frequently asked questions