Heat stroke is a severe form of heat illness that can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. It occurs when the body overheats and fails to cool down, leading to a core body temperature of above 104°F (40°C). While there is no single diagnostic test for heat stroke, doctors can perform a combination of tests to rule out other conditions and check for complications. This includes measuring the core body temperature, usually with a rectal thermometer, and performing an electrocardiogram (EKG) to assess the heart's electrical activity. The early signs of heat stroke include hyperthermia, confusion, slurred speech, agitation, irritability, and in severe cases, seizures and coma. It is crucial to act quickly and seek medical help to reduce the risk of complications and potential damage to vital organs.
Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Core body temperature | Above 104°F (40°C) |
Skin | Dry (classic heat stroke) or sweaty (exertional heat stroke) |
Mental State | Confusion, disorientation, slurred speech, agitation, irritability, behavioural changes, seizures, coma |
Physical State | Dizziness, fainting, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness or cramps, rapid heartbeat, rapid shallow breathing |
What You'll Learn
Heat stroke diagnosis and treatment
Heat stroke is a severe heat-related illness that involves a significant elevation in body temperature, usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures or physical exertion in hot conditions. It is a medical emergency and can be life-threatening.
Diagnosis
Heat stroke is characterised by a body temperature of 40°C or above, and neurological symptoms such as confusion, slurred speech, agitation, irritability, seizures, and coma. The skin is typically dry due to the body's inability to sweat any further. Diagnosis also involves ruling out other potential causes of these symptoms, such as polypharmacy, toxic ingestions, meningitis, sepsis, or malaria.
Vital sign abnormalities in patients with heat stroke may include an elevated core body temperature, sinus tachycardia, tachypnea, and widened pulse pressure, and about a quarter of patients are hypotensive. Other presenting signs and symptoms may include weakness, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, flushing, lung crackles, oliguria, excessive bleeding, and evidence of neurologic dysfunction.
Treatment
The immediate priority in treating heat stroke is to lower the patient's body temperature as quickly as possible. This can be done by moving the patient to a cool, shady area or an air-conditioned environment, removing unnecessary clothing, and using methods such as fans, ice packs, cold water, or ice bath immersion. Rapid cooling is crucial to prevent further complications.
Once the patient's body temperature has been reduced, it is essential to monitor and manage their vital signs, including airway protection, breathing, and circulation. Intubation is rarely needed, as rapid cooling usually improves the patient's consciousness. Rehydration is also crucial, and core temperature must be continually monitored to ensure it stays within the normal range.
Several pharmacological treatments have been considered for heat stroke, such as dantrolene and high-dose benzodiazepine. However, there is currently no strong evidence to support their routine use. Antipyretics are not recommended in the treatment of heat stroke as they may be toxic to the liver.
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Heat stroke symptoms
Heat stroke is a severe heat-related illness that involves a significant elevation in body temperature, usually to 103°F (39.4°C) or higher, often as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures, or physical exertion in high temperatures. The early summer heat wave is the highest-risk period for heat stroke, as people's bodies have not yet acclimated to the temperature changes.
Heat stroke can strike swiftly and with little warning, and it is crucial to recognize the symptoms to get emergency medical attention as soon as possible. The earliest phase of heat stroke is called the hyperthermic neurologic phase, characterized by a significant elevation of body temperature, causing confusion, slurred speech, agitation, and sometimes irritability. In severe cases, seizures and coma are possible.
Other symptoms of heat stroke include:
- High body temperature (103°F or higher)
- Hot, red, dry, or damp skin
- Throbbing headache
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Rapid and strong pulse
- Fainting
- Loss of consciousness
If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to act quickly. Move the person to a cooler place, preferably with air conditioning, and help lower their body temperature with cool cloths or a cool bath. Do not give them anything to drink, and call for emergency medical help immediately.
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Heat stroke risk factors
Heat stroke is a severe form of heat illness that can be life-threatening. It is characterized by a core body temperature of over 40°C (104°F), severe hyperthermia, and central nervous system dysfunction. The risk factors for heat stroke include:
- Age: Infants, children under 4, and adults over 65 are more susceptible to heat stroke as they adjust to heat more slowly.
- Health conditions: Heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity, being underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever can increase the risk of heat stroke.
- Medication: Certain medications can affect the body's ability to regulate temperature and sweat. These include antihistamines, diet pills, diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, seizure medications, beta-blockers, vasoconstrictors, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.
- Illicit drug use: The use of opioids, methamphetamine, or cocaine can increase the risk of heat stroke.
- Dehydration: Not drinking enough water can lead to heat stroke.
- Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can hinder the body's ability to regulate temperature.
- Physical fitness: A lower level of physical fitness can make it harder for the body to cope with heat stress.
- Environmental factors: High temperatures, high humidity, and stagnant atmospheric conditions can increase the risk of heat stroke.
- Clothing: Wearing tight and layered clothing can prevent heat dissipation and affect body temperature regulation.
- Sunburn: Sunburned areas of the body cannot release heat effectively, trapping heat.
- Strenuous activity: Prolonged periods of strenuous activity in high temperatures can increase the risk of heat stroke.
- Chronic illnesses: Conditions such as heart or lung disease can increase the risk of heat stroke by affecting the central nervous system and the body's temperature regulation abilities.
- Prior heat stroke: A history of heat stroke can put an individual at higher risk of experiencing it again.
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Heat stroke prevention
Heat stroke is a severe heat-related illness that can strike swiftly and with little warning. It is characterized by a significant elevation in body temperature, usually due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures or physical exertion in hot conditions. The early summer heat wave is the highest risk period for heat stroke, as people's bodies are yet to acclimatize to the temperature changes.
- Stay in Cool Environments: When possible, stay in an air-conditioned place. If your home doesn't have air conditioning, visit a shopping mall or public library to benefit from their cooling systems.
- Choose the Right Clothing: Wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothing. Lighter colours are preferable as they reflect sunlight better.
- Avoid Strenuous Activities: Limit your outdoor activities and exercise during the hottest parts of the day. If you must engage in physical activities, opt for cooler times, such as early morning or evening.
- Stay Properly Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water. Avoid sugary, alcoholic, and very cold drinks, as they can cause stomach cramps or lead to further fluid loss.
- Protect Yourself from the Sun: Wear a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses when outdoors. Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, and reapply it generously every two hours or more often if you're swimming or sweating profusely.
- Be Mindful of Medications: Certain medications can affect your body's ability to regulate temperature and stay hydrated. Consult your healthcare provider to understand any potential risks associated with your medications.
- Check on High-Risk Individuals: Infants, young children, older adults, people with chronic illnesses, and those who are overweight or physically ill are at higher risk of heat-related illnesses. Check on them regularly during heat waves.
- Never Leave Anyone in a Parked Car: Cars can quickly turn into ovens, even with a window slightly open. Leaving anyone, especially children or pets, in a parked car during hot weather is extremely dangerous and can lead to heat stroke or even death.
- Monitor Your Body: If you start experiencing symptoms like heavy sweating, dizziness, nausea, rapid pulse, or headache, stop your activity and move to a cooler area. Heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke if not addressed promptly.
- Be Cautious When Travelling: When travelling to areas with high temperatures, be vigilant about the heat index and take extra precautions to stay cool and hydrated.
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Heat stroke complications
Heat stroke is a severe and potentially life-threatening heat-related illness. It is characterised by a sharp rise in core body temperature, typically exceeding 40°C, and central nervous system dysfunction. The high body temperature can cause cellular and organ dysfunction, leading to multi-organ failure and even death. The longer the body temperature remains elevated, the higher the risk of complications.
- Multi-organ dysfunction: Prolonged high temperatures can lead to damage in the gut, kidneys, skeletal muscle and other organ systems.
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): This is a life-threatening condition where the lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to the body.
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): This is a serious disorder where the blood clots excessively, leading to a risk of bleeding.
- Acute Kidney Injury: Heat stroke can cause renal dysfunction, resulting in reduced kidney function.
- Hepatic Injury: Liver damage can occur, as indicated by elevated liver enzymes.
- Hypoglycaemia: Heat stroke can disrupt blood glucose levels, leading to low blood sugar.
- Rhabdomyolysis: This is the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle, which can lead to acute renal failure.
- Seizures: High body temperatures can cause neurological dysfunction, including seizures.
- Cardiovascular Instability: Heat stroke can cause reduced blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscle, leading to instability.
- Neuropsychiatric Sequelae: In some cases, heat stroke can result in permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
The treatment for heat stroke focuses on rapid cooling to reduce the core body temperature as quickly as possible. This is crucial in preventing and minimising the impact of these potential complications.
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