Marijuana And Concussion: Stroke Risk Explained

Marijuana has been shown to have both positive and negative effects on concussion patients. While some studies suggest that it can help with symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, and cognitive troubles, others indicate that it can increase the risk of seizures and another brain injury. Furthermore, there is a risk of stroke or hematoma under the skull, which is especially dangerous for those who have suffered a head injury. The effects of marijuana on concussions are still being studied, and more research is needed to fully understand the benefits and risks.

Cannabis and stroke: the risks

The use of cannabis for medicinal purposes has gained traction in recent years, with a growing number of US states legalising its use. However, when it comes to the question of whether cannabis can cause a stroke, the answer is complex and not yet fully understood. While some studies suggest that cannabis may have neuroprotective properties, there is also evidence that it can increase the risk of certain types of stroke, especially when used in conjunction with tobacco. In this article, we will explore the potential risks associated with cannabis use and its impact on stroke, particularly in the context of concussion.

The Endocannabinoid System and Neuroprotection

The human body has an endocannabinoid system that plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting the central nervous system. This system is activated in response to injuries, releasing cannabinoid molecules that provide protection and facilitate recovery. Cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two main compounds found in cannabis, have been found to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.

Cannabis and Concussion

Concussions are considered a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can have both immediate and long-term effects. The impact of a concussion can damage brain cells and interrupt blood flow in the brain, leading to a range of symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and cognitive issues. Some studies suggest that THC and CBD may help reduce inflammation, protect neurons, and improve cognitive function after a brain injury. Research has shown that cannabis can be effective in treating concussion symptoms such as headaches, with one study finding that 80% of patients experienced improvements in wellbeing.

Cannabis and Stroke Risk

While cannabis may have potential benefits for concussion recovery, there are also risks associated with its use. The primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, THC, interacts with receptors in the central nervous system, leading to disruptions in psychomotor behaviour and short-term memory impairment. THC has also been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular issues, including atherosclerosis and thrombogenic activity, which can contribute to the development of stroke.

One of the most compelling pieces of evidence for the link between cannabis and stroke is the recurrence of stroke symptoms with re-exposure to cannabis. Additionally, there are unique vascular disease characteristics observed in cannabis users, such as cannabis-associated limb arteritis, which primarily affects young men who smoke marijuana.

In conclusion, while cannabis may offer potential benefits for concussion recovery, there are also risks that need to be considered. The available evidence suggests a link between cannabis use and an increased risk of certain types of stroke, particularly when used chronically and in conjunction with other substances. More research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between cannabis and stroke, especially in the context of concussion.

References

• "Does Cannabis Aid in Recovery from Concussions?" Veriheal, https://www.veriheal.com/conditions/concussion/.
• Behrouz, Reza, Alex Perchuk, and Ali R. Malek. "Marijuana Use and Ischemic Stroke." Practical Neurology, Sept.-Oct. 2013, https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2013-sept-oct/marijuana-use-and-ischemic-stroke.
• Singh, J., & Neary, J. P. (2020). "Neuroprotection Following Concussion: The Potential Role for Cannabidiol." The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32029015/.
• Lawrence, D. W., Foster, E., Comper, P., Langer, L., Hutchison, M. G., Chandra, T., & Bayley, M. (2020). "Cannabis, alcohol and cigarette use during the acute post-concussion period." Brain Injury, 34(1), 42–51, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31621424/.
• "Smoking Weed With Concussion — Does It Help or Harm?" Dr. Weedy, https://dr-weedy.com/blog/smoking-weed-with-concussion-does-it-help-or-harm/.

THC and CBD: their effects on the brain

THC and CBD are the two most common phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. They interact with the brain in different ways, producing a range of effects. Here is an overview of their effects on the brain:

THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

THC is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, producing a "high" sensation. It binds to cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in the brain, which are highly concentrated in areas such as the medial temporal lobe, striatum, and cingulate cortex. This leads to a sense of euphoria and can also cause temporary side effects such as increased heart rate, impaired coordination, and altered cognition. THC has been found to have neuroprotective properties, reducing neuronal excitability and providing benefits in the treatment of conditions like epilepsy. However, high THC use may be linked to long-term negative psychiatric effects, especially in adolescents.

CBD (Cannabidiol)

CBD, on the other hand, does not produce the same "high" as THC. Instead, it has been found to have anxiolytic and antipsychotic properties. CBD interacts with CB2 receptors, which are located in the immune system and peripheral nervous system. It is believed to reduce inflammation and provide neuroprotective benefits, making it a promising treatment for brain traumas and neurodegenerative diseases. CBD has also been shown to improve symptoms of anxiety and depression and may help with pain management.

Combined Effects

The effects of THC and CBD can be complementary, and they often work together in what is known as the "entourage effect." CBD can help mitigate some of the unwanted psychoactive effects of THC, such as euphoria or sedation. The ratio of THC to CBD in cannabis products can significantly impact the overall effects on the brain and body.

Precautions and Research Gaps

While cannabis has shown potential in treating various conditions, more research is needed to fully understand its effects, especially in the context of traumatic brain injuries. There are concerns about the accuracy of product labeling and the potential for adverse effects, such as addiction, increased sensitivity, and worsening of symptoms. It is important for individuals to consult with healthcare professionals and carefully consider the risks and benefits before using cannabis for medical purposes.

Cannabis and concussion recovery: the evidence

The role of cannabis in treating concussions is a topic of ongoing research, and findings are not yet conclusive. Some studies suggest that the plant's derivatives, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), may have neuroprotective properties beneficial in the context of concussions. However, the evidence is mostly preclinical, and more research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of cannabis in concussion management.

Concussions, a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI), can be lethal if not treated promptly and appropriately. The initial impact damages brain cells and disrupts blood flow, leading to a cascade of molecular events that cause ongoing impairments like dizziness, headaches, and nausea. This can develop into post-concussion syndrome if symptoms last for weeks or months.

Cannabinoids like CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been found to act as antioxidants in the brain, reducing oxidative damage and protecting against glutamate toxicity. They also have anti-inflammatory effects, which may help mitigate head injury damage.

Cannabis Use and Concussion Recovery

A study by the Dent Neurologic Institute found that 80% of patients experienced significant improvement in activity levels and symptoms like mood, sleep, and headaches when treated with medical cannabis. None of the patients discontinued treatment due to side effects. These findings suggest that cannabis may be a viable treatment for concussion-related chronic pain.

However, it is important to note that the use of cannabis for concussions is complex. Potential benefits should be weighed against possible side effects, including cognitive impairment and psychoactive effects associated with THC.

While there is interest in the neuroprotective properties of cannabis for concussions, further research is needed to determine its effectiveness and safety.

Cannabis and cigarette use post-concussion

Cannabis Use Post-Concussion

Cannabis, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), is believed to possess neuroprotective properties that could be advantageous in mitigating the damage caused by a concussion. These properties include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which can help reduce the impact of head trauma.

Research suggests that CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) act as antioxidants in the brain, reducing oxidative damage and protecting the brain from glutamate toxicity. This can help prevent microvascular injuries, brain swelling, neurotoxicity, and cell death.

A study by the DENT Neurologic Institute found that small doses of marijuana improved the well-being of 80% of 142 participants with concussions. Additionally, a 2020 study on CBD use in patients with concussions and traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) highlighted its potential role in neuroprotection by reducing inflammation and protecting the brain against free radicals.

However, it is important to note that the evidence for the benefits of cannabis in concussion management is mostly preclinical, and more research is needed, especially clinical trials involving humans, to establish its safety and efficacy conclusively.

Cigarette Use Post-Concussion

While cigarette smoking is generally discouraged due to its well-known health risks, its impact on post-concussion recovery requires further exploration.

A 2020 study found that acute cigarette use post-concussion was associated with a higher symptom severity score in the first week, indicating a greater initial symptom burden for individuals who smoked cigarettes during this period.

In conclusion, while cannabis shows potential as a treatment option for concussions, more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness and safety. As for cigarette smoking, the existing evidence suggests that it may negatively impact recovery in the acute post-concussion period, contributing to a higher symptom burden. Therefore, it is advisable to refrain from cigarette smoking during the recovery phase after a concussion.

Cannabis and post-concussion symptoms

Concussions are mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI) caused by a blow to the head, resulting in the brain shaking and moving quickly within the skull. They can lead to chemical changes, damage to brain cells and tissue, and various potential life-altering health issues. Post-concussion syndrome, which affects 40-80% of people who experience concussions, can cause long-lasting symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, cognitive difficulties, and sensitivity to light or sound. While there are conventional treatment methods available, an increasing number of people are turning to alternative forms of medicine like cannabis to alleviate these symptoms.

Cannabis for Post-Concussion Treatment

Cannabis and cannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD) can be beneficial in treating post-concussion symptoms due to their medicinal and therapeutic properties. Cannabis can help relieve headaches and pain, increase blood flow to the brain, and provide anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects. It is also suggested that cannabis can reduce inflammation, perform antioxidant actions, support cognitive functions, and prevent neuron damage and death.

A study by the DENT Neurologic Institute in New York found significant improvements in well-being in 80% of 142 examinees with concussions who were given small doses of marijuana. Additionally, a 2023 study published in iScience investigated the effects of chronic cannabis use on athletes regularly subjected to repetitive subconcussive head impacts and found that those who regularly used cannabis showed greater resilience in oculomotor function and reduced neuroinflammatory responses.

Precautions and Potential Risks

While cannabis may provide benefits for post-concussion treatment, there are also precautions and potential risks to consider. It is important to consult a doctor or a cannabis-literate physician before using cannabis for post-concussion treatment to assess potential contraindications and determine optimal dosing. It is recommended to prioritize CBD-rich products to minimize intoxicating effects and focus on their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties. Starting with low doses and gradually increasing while monitoring symptoms and side effects is also advised.

There are risks associated with cannabis use, including addiction, increased sensitivity, and worsening of symptoms. High-THC varieties can temporarily worsen cognitive function, so it is important to consider low-THC, high-CBD formulations. Additionally, cannabis use can increase the risk of seizures and the risk of having another brain injury. Therefore, it is crucial to use cannabis judiciously under medical guidance and maintain open communication with one's treatment team.

While preliminary findings suggest that cannabis may provide a multifaceted treatment approach for concussions and traumatic brain injuries, more research is needed to fully understand its efficacy and potential adverse effects. When used appropriately and with medical supervision, cannabis can be a safe and effective adjunctive therapy for post-concussion symptoms.

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