Anna Werrett
Laxatives are medicines that help people who are constipated to have a bowel movement. Constipation is characterised by infrequent, difficult, and sometimes painful bowel movements. People who are constipated may experience symptoms such as straining during a bowel movement, a feeling of obstruction or incomplete evacuation, and fewer than three bowel movements per week. While lifestyle changes such as improving diet and increasing activity can help reduce constipation, laxatives are a common treatment for those who are still experiencing symptoms.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Why take laxatives? | To treat constipation |
| Who should take laxatives? | Adults with occasional constipation that hasn't improved with lifestyle changes, or those with chronic conditions causing constipation, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis |
| How do laxatives work? | By softening stools, stimulating the digestive tract walls, or increasing the bulk of stools with additional fiber |
| Types of laxatives | Bulk-forming, osmotic, stool softeners, lubricants, stimulants, saline, prokinetic |
| How to take laxatives | By mouth (liquids, tablets, capsules), or through the rectum (suppositories, enemas) |
| How often to take laxatives | Occasionally and for short periods of time |
| Side effects | Cramps, dehydration, bloating, gas, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, electrolyte disturbances |
| Natural alternatives | Increasing fiber intake, adding bulking agents like bran to the diet, drinking plenty of fluids, regular exercise |
What You'll Learn
Bulk-forming laxatives
Common bulk-forming laxatives include psyllium (Metamucil), polycarbophil (FiberCon), and methylcellulose (Citrucel). They are available over the counter in pharmacies, grocery stores, and online, and are usually taken in the form of pills, powders, liquids, or suppositories. It is important to take them with at least 8 ounces of water or fruit juice to prevent bowel obstruction and stay well-hydrated throughout the day. They typically take 12 hours to 3 days to work, and side effects may include mild stomach pain, bloating, or gas.
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Osmotic laxatives
It is important to note that laxatives should not be used regularly or for an extended period as they can cause side effects and worsen constipation. If you are experiencing chronic constipation or if over-the-counter laxatives are not working, it is recommended to consult a healthcare provider, as you may need a prescription laxative or further evaluation.
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Stimulant laxatives
The active ingredients in stimulant laxatives are typically senna (also known as sennosides) or bisacodyl. They are available in various forms, such as liquids, powders, chewables, tablets, and suppositories. Some common brand names include Senexon, Fletcher's Castoria, Senokot, Black Draught, Feen-A-Mint, Correctol, and Dulcolax.
While stimulant laxatives can be effective in treating constipation, they also come with certain risks and side effects. Prolonged use of stimulant laxatives can lead to laxative dependency, as the bowel may stop functioning normally. Additionally, they may cause cramping and diarrhea, and can interfere with the absorption of certain vitamins and minerals. It is recommended to use stimulant laxatives sparingly and only when necessary.
If you are experiencing constipation, it is advisable to first try lifestyle changes such as increasing your fibre intake, staying hydrated, and exercising regularly. If these measures do not provide relief, consult your doctor, who can advise you on the most suitable type of laxative for your needs or explore other treatment options.
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Stool softener laxatives
Stool softeners, also known as emollient laxatives, are a type of laxative. They are usually taken at bedtime and work by softening stools to make them easier to pass. They are considered a gentle and safe option for treating constipation.
Stool softeners contain surfactants like docusate sodium and docusate calcium, which help to "wet" and soften the stool. They are available in capsule, tablet, liquid, and syrup form. While they are gentle enough to be used regularly to prevent constipation, they are the least effective option for treating it. They are best suited for those with temporary or mild, chronic constipation.
It may take a week or longer for stool softeners to be effective, but they are often used by those recovering from surgery, women who have just given birth, or individuals with hemorrhoids. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and not to take more or less than prescribed.
In addition to stool softeners, there are other types of laxatives available, such as bulk-forming laxatives, lubricant laxatives, and osmotic laxatives. Bulk-forming laxatives, which are considered the gentlest type, work by drawing water into the stool to make it softer and easier to pass. Lubricant laxatives, such as mineral oil, coat the colon to prevent water absorption and make it easier for stool to move. Osmotic laxatives, such as polyethylene glycol (MiraLAX), also draw water into the intestine to soften the stool and increase bowel movements.
It is important to note that laxatives should not be the first option for treating constipation. Lifestyle changes, such as eating a high-fibre diet, drinking enough fluids, and exercising regularly, are usually recommended first. If these changes do not help, then a gentle laxative may be considered. It is also important to consult a healthcare provider if you are constantly needing to take laxatives or if you are experiencing side effects.
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Lubricant laxatives
When taken orally, lubricant laxatives can cause side effects such as anal seepage, pruritus ani (an intense itch around the anus), perianal discomfort, and intestinal malabsorption. It is important to follow the directions on the product package or the advice of a doctor when taking lubricant laxatives. They should not be used by older adults, children under 6, or bedridden individuals.
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