
Cocaine use is a risk factor for stroke, even in healthy people with no prior health issues. The drug can cause a sudden stroke during or immediately after use, as it dramatically increases blood pressure, which can lead to a brain bleed. Cocaine use can also cause the blood vessels in the brain to narrow or spasm, cutting off blood flow to the brain. The The risk of stroke associated with cocaine use is particularly significant in young adults. In a study of young adults aged 15 to 49, acute cocaine use within the previous 24 hours was found to increase the odds of ischemic stroke by 6.4 times. The route of administration also plays a role, with smoking cocaine ("crack") having a higher association with ischemic stroke than other routes. Cocaine-associated strokes typically occur within minutes to hours after ingestion, but they can also happen days or even weeks later. The presentation of a stroke is not different in cocaine users, except during acute intoxication. Therefore, it is crucial to ask about substance use and perform toxicology screens to identify cocaine-associated strokes accurately. The mechanisms underlying cocaine-induced strokes are not fully understood but are likely multifaceted. The abrupt rise in blood pressure can lead to the rupture of small blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a hemorrhagic stroke. Additionally, cocaine-induced vasospasm has been observed in multiple studies and is believed to contribute to ischemic strokes. Cocaine also enhances platelet aggregation and has pro-coagulant effects, further increasing the risk of thrombus formation and ischemic stroke. The treatment of cocaine-associated strokes depends on the underlying mechanism. For example, thrombolytic therapy may be considered in cases where vasospasm and superimposed thrombosis are suspected. However, in cases of infective endocarditis-related cardioembolic stroke, thrombolysis is not recommended due to the high risk of hemorrhagic transformation. You may want to see also Cocaine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that can cause a sudden stroke during or immediately after use. The drug acts by binding to specific receptors at pre-synaptic sites, preventing the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. This leads to a surge in sympathetic activity, resulting in You may want to see also Cocaine use increases blood pressure and can lead to a brain bleed as it causes the blood vessels in the brain to narrow or spasm, cutting off blood flow to the brain. This is known as vasoconstriction and can cause severe headaches, sometimes requiring hospitalisation. It also changes the blood, making it "stickier" and more likely to form clots. If a clot forms in an already narrowed artery, it can be fatal. Cocaine-induced strokes have been found to be more severe than other types of strokes, with people who have had a stroke linked to cocaine use being almost three times more likely to die than those whose strokes were not drug-induced. Furthermore, even when cocaine users survived their brain bleed, the outcome was often poor, with users less likely to have recovered fully by the time of their hospital discharge. The effects of cocaine use on the body can be sudden and volatile, increasing the risk of stroke in the immediate minutes and hours after use. Long-term use can also increase the risk of stroke, as the stress on blood vessels can cause them to weaken and rupture. The symptoms of a drug-induced stroke are no different from strokes caused by other issues and can include: If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to call emergency services immediately, as a stroke is a medical emergency and time is critical to reducing the risk of long-term complications and damage, especially to the brain. You may want to see also Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that can cause a sudden stroke during or immediately after use. It can also lead to a stroke hours after use, with symptoms usually manifesting within three hours. Cocaine use can cause the blood vessels in the brain to narrow or spasm, reducing blood flow to the brain. This is known as vasoconstriction. Cocaine increases blood pressure and constricts or narrows blood vessels in the brain, which can lead to a blockage. This can cause a stroke by reducing blood flow to the brain. The effects of cocaine use on blood vessels typically last as long as the drug's effects, which is around 30 to 40 minutes. However, even a single use can have serious complications. Cocaine has both acute and long-term effects on the body. In the short term, it can cause a sudden surge in blood pressure and constriction of blood vessels. Over time, it can lead to vascular damage, endothelial dysfunction, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Repeated use can lead to tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive drug-seeking behaviour. Cocaine-induced vasoconstriction has been observed in several patients with cocaine-related ischemic strokes. Animal studies have also provided angiographic evidence of vasospasm severe enough to cause vascular occlusion. This response is believed to be related to increased dopamine availability in certain brain areas. The exact mechanism of cocaine-induced stroke is not fully understood, but it is likely that a combination of factors, including vasospasm, cerebral vasculitis, enhanced platelet aggregation, cardioembolism, and hypertensive surges associated with altered cerebral autoregulation, contribute to the risk. You may want to see also Several studies have reported cases of cocaine-induced vasospasm, which is a sudden narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain. This vasospasm is believed to be caused by the effects of cocaine on the sympathetic nervous system, leading to enhanced sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction. The following paragraphs will discuss these findings in more detail. In one study, researchers examined the association between cocaine use and the risk of ischaemic stroke in young adults. They found that acute cocaine use within the last 24 hours was strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke. Among acute users, the smoking route had the highest odds ratio, indicating a particularly strong link between smoking cocaine and stroke risk. This study provides strong evidence that recent cocaine use is a contributing factor in stroke risk. Another study reported two cases of severe cerebral vasospasm in chronic cocaine users during neurointerventional procedures. The first case involved a middle-aged woman with an unruptured aneurysm in the left internal carotid artery who was undergoing treatment with a remodelling balloon. However, the procedure was interrupted by a severe occlusive vasospasm that occurred just after the placement of the balloon. The second case was a 46-year-old man with a non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and symptomatic vasospasm who developed another occlusive vasospasm during a transluminal balloon angioplasty. These cases suggest that chronic cocaine use may increase the risk of iatrogenic vasospasm during endovascular procedures. In addition to these case reports, there have been animal studies that have provided further evidence for cocaine-induced vasospasm. In one study, researchers examined the effects of cocaine and methamphetamine on the cerebral vasculature in rabbits. They found that while low doses of these drugs produced mild vasodilation, higher doses resulted in definite basilar artery vasospasm, particularly when the drugs were co-administered. This synergistic vasoconstrictive effect may help explain the occurrence of strokes associated with drug abuse. Furthermore, there is also histological evidence supporting vasospasm as a mechanism for cocaine-induced ischaemic stroke. Histological findings in various tissues, including the nasal mucosa, intestinal arterioles, and coronary arteries, have shown disruptions in the tunica media layer and other changes indicative of vasospasm. Overall, the available evidence suggests that cocaine-induced vasospasm is a significant factor contributing to the risk of stroke in cocaine users. This knowledge has important implications for the evaluation and treatment of stroke in this population, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses both the medical and substance use aspects of their condition. You may want to see also A stroke can occur during the first minutes of acute intoxication with cocaine, in the hours following ingestion, or even weeks or rarely, months after intoxication. The signs of a stroke are: - an uneven smile or droop on one side of the face - weakness or numbness in the arms (a person may be unable to raise or hold them up) - slurred speech or extreme confusion If you think someone is experiencing a stroke, call 911 or your local emergency services immediately. The exact mechanism of cocaine-induced stroke remains unclear, but there are likely to be a number of factors involved, including vasospasm, cerebral vasculitis, enhanced platelet aggregation, cardioembolism, and hypertensive surges associated with altered cerebral autoregulation.
Characteristics
Values
Time taken for stroke to manifest after cocaine use
Within minutes to hours after last use, rarely up to a week later
Most common type of stroke
Ischemic stroke
Most common type of stroke in alkaloidal cocaine users
Hemorrhagic stroke
Most common type of stroke in cocaine hydrochloride users
Hemorrhagic stroke
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Frequently asked questions