
Laxatives are products that help people empty their bowels and relieve constipation. They work in different ways, such as by softening stools, stimulating the intestines, or adding bulk to stools. There are many types of laxatives, including bulk-forming laxatives, osmotic laxatives, stool softeners, lubricants, and stimulants. Most laxatives are available without a prescription, but it is important to use them as directed to prevent side effects such as bloating, gas, or stomach cramps. While laxatives can be effective, they should not be the first option for relieving constipation. Instead, it is recommended to first try lifestyle changes such as eating high-fiber foods, taking probiotics, drinking more fluids, and exercising regularly.
Characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Type | Bulk-forming, osmotic, stool softeners, lubricants, stimulants, prescription |
Availability | Over the counter, prescription |
Forms | Pills, capsules, liquids, syrups, suppositories, enemas, powders |
Effectiveness | Depends on type and cause of constipation |
Side effects | Bloating, gas, stomach cramps, dehydration, chronic constipation, intestinal blockage, electrolyte imbalance |
Usage | Follow instructions, don't overdose, consult a doctor if issues persist |
Natural alternatives | High-fibre foods, magnesium-rich foods, probiotic foods, water, prune juice, coffee, senna, ginger, peppermint, aloe vera |
What You'll Learn
Bulk-forming laxatives
Common bulk-forming laxatives include psyllium (Metamucil), polycarbophil (FiberCon), and methylcellulose (Citrucel). They usually take two to three days to work. It is recommended that you start with a bulk-forming laxative and then try other types if your symptoms persist.
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Osmotic laxatives
The term "osmotic" refers to the movement of fluid through a membrane so that the concentration is equal on both sides. Osmotic laxatives alter the balance of water in the colon by introducing substances such as salts, sugars, and other organic compounds that encourage the movement of water into the colon. This helps to soften stools and stimulate bowel movements.
Common osmotic laxatives include:
- Polyethylene glycol (PEG): PEG is an organic compound derived from petroleum that can be safely ingested to manage constipation. It is available over the counter in powder form under brand names like Miralax and GlycoLax.
- Lactulose: This is a synthetic sugar solution that acts as an osmotic laxative by drawing water into the colon and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. It is often prescribed to treat chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose-containing laxatives include prescription brands like Cephulac, Duphalac, and Kristalose.
- Sorbitol: This is a non-absorbable sugar with an action similar to lactulose. It is available over the counter and by prescription under brand names such as Arlex and GeriCare.
- Magnesium citrate: Magnesium citrate is magnesium in salt form combined with citric acid. The salts help draw water into the colon, softening the stool. Over-the-counter versions include Citrate of Magnesia, Citroma, and LiquiPrep.
- Magnesium hydroxide: This is a milder form of magnesium sold under the brand name Milk of Magnesia. It is available over the counter in liquid and tablet forms and is also used as an antacid.
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Stool softeners
It is important to note that stool softeners should only be used when needed and should not be taken for more than a week without consulting a doctor. They may cause side effects such as stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhoea.
Natural stool softeners are also an option and include lifestyle changes such as drinking more water, getting regular exercise, and increasing daily fibre intake.
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Lubricant laxatives
One common example of a lubricant laxative is mineral oil, which can be purchased without a prescription. Mineral oil has been used successfully to treat constipation for a long time, and some doctors recommend it over other laxatives. It is taken by mouth, with the specific dosage and instructions provided on the product package or by a doctor. It is important to carefully measure the dose using a special device or spoon, and it should not be taken for more than seven days unless directed by a doctor. Mineral oil may also be used as an enema in some cases.
While mineral oil can be effective, it is not recommended for long-term use due to potential side effects and negative interactions. Ingesting mineral oil can interfere with the absorption of vitamins and minerals, particularly fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Therefore, it is typically taken on an empty stomach, but this can cause side effects like stomach upset and nausea. Mineral oil may also cause anorectal issues such as rectal leakage, anal itching, and delayed healing of postoperative wounds in the anorectal region.
In addition, prolonged use of mineral oil can lead to dependence, and it is not suitable for everyone. It is not recommended for children under six, older adults, pregnant women, or those with certain medical conditions like swallowing abnormalities or hiatal hernias. Furthermore, mineral oil may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, so it is important to consult a doctor or pharmacist before use. Overall, while lubricant laxatives like mineral oil can be effective for treating constipation, they should be used with caution and under medical supervision.
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Stimulant laxatives
It is important to note that stimulant laxatives should not be used for more than a week unless specifically advised by a doctor. They can be habit-forming and harmful to the bowels if used for an extended period. Additionally, they should not be given to children under the age of 6 without the recommendation of a pediatrician.
Before using stimulant laxatives, it is crucial to consult a doctor, especially if you have any health conditions, are pregnant, or breastfeeding. They are also not recommended for those with intestinal blockages, undiagnosed rectal bleeding, or signs of appendicitis, such as severe stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Some possible side effects of stimulant laxatives include brownish-red urine, especially with laxatives containing senna. As with any medication, it is important to discuss the use of stimulant laxatives and any side effects with a doctor.
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Frequently asked questions
Natural laxatives can come in the form of foods, drinks, and herbs. High-fibre foods such as whole-grain breads and cereals, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes are a good option. Magnesium-rich foods like dark leafy greens, avocados, nuts, fortified cereals, chia seeds, dark chocolate, and fatty fish can also help. Probiotic foods such as yoghurt, cheese, broccoli, prunes, soybeans, chia seeds, and figs are another option. In terms of drinks, water, prune juice, and coffee can all act as natural laxatives.
Bulk-forming laxatives, osmotics, stool softeners, lubricants, and stimulants are all available without a prescription. Brands include Metamucil, FiberCon, Citrucel, Dulcolax, Colace, and Correctol.
Prescription laxatives are typically recommended for chronic constipation or constipation associated with a condition like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Some prescription laxatives include Duphalac, Linzess, Amitiza, and Trulance.
Laxatives can cause side effects such as bloating, gas, stomach cramps, and dehydration. Overuse can lead to more serious complications like electrolyte imbalance, chronic constipation, and intestinal blockage. It is important to follow the instructions on the medication and consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns.