Heat Stroke: My Body's Unwanted Summer Response

Heat stroke is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body fails to regulate its temperature, often due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and dehydration. Certain factors increase the likelihood of heat stroke, such as age, weight, clothing choices, physical activity, medications, and underlying health conditions. It is characterised by a body temperature above 104°F (40°C) and can lead to severe health complications and even death if left untreated. Therefore, it is crucial to recognise the signs and symptoms of heat stroke and take preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing this dangerous condition.

Dehydration and inadequate fluid intake

Dehydration is a condition in which a person loses more body fluid than they take in, and their body is unable to function normally. Dehydration is a contributing factor to heat stroke, and it can be caused by inadequate fluid intake, especially in hot weather.

The human body is made up of 60% to 78% water, depending on age and other factors. Water is essential for many bodily functions, including digestion, waste removal, joint lubrication, the production of saliva, the regulation of body temperature, and the delivery of oxygen throughout the body. When the body is dehydrated, these functions are disrupted, and the person may experience a range of symptoms, including:

• Dry mouth and tongue
• Thirst
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Dry skin
• Muscle weakness
• Rapid breathing
• Dark-colored urine

Inadequate fluid intake is a common cause of dehydration, especially during hot weather or when a person is exercising vigorously. When the body is dehydrated, it cannot cool itself effectively, increasing the risk of heat stroke.

To prevent dehydration, it is important to drink plenty of fluids, especially water. The recommended daily water intake for men is ≥3.7 litres, and for women, it is ≥2.7 litres. However, the amount of water needed can vary depending on weight, age, level of activity, and other factors. It is also important to be mindful of the weather and the type of clothing worn, as these can affect the body's fluid needs.

In addition to water, eating foods with high water content, such as fruits and vegetables, can also help prevent dehydration. It is crucial to monitor fluid intake, especially for infants, young children, and older adults, as they are at higher risk of dehydration and may have difficulty communicating their thirst or obtaining water for themselves.

Dehydration can have serious consequences, including heat stroke, organ failure, and even death. Therefore, it is important to recognize the signs of dehydration and take steps to prevent it, especially in hot weather or during periods of increased physical activity.

Age, health conditions, and medications

Age plays a significant role in the occurrence of heat stroke. Infants and young children are at a higher risk of heat stroke as their bodies may not be able to regulate temperature effectively. Their ability to adjust to heat is slower than that of adults, making them more vulnerable to heat-related illnesses. Similarly, adults over the age of 65 are also susceptible due to their reduced capacity to adapt to temperature changes.

Heat stroke is also influenced by underlying health conditions. Certain medical issues can increase the likelihood of heat stroke, including heart, lung, kidney, liver, thyroid, and blood vessel problems. Obesity or being underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, and alcoholism are other conditions that can make individuals more prone to heat stroke. Additionally, sunburn and any fever-causing conditions can further elevate the risk.

Medications can also contribute to heat stroke. Some drugs can affect the body's ability to regulate temperature, such as diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, and heart and blood pressure medications. Antihistamines, diet pills, seizure medications, stimulants, beta-blockers, vasoconstrictors, antidepressants, and antipsychotics are also linked to an increased risk of heat stroke. It is important to consult a doctor to understand how specific health conditions and medications may impact an individual's susceptibility to heat stroke.

Furthermore, individuals with a history of heat stroke are at a higher risk of experiencing it again. Precautionary measures are necessary for those who have previously suffered from heat stroke to prevent recurrence during hot weather.

Clothing choices and physical activity

It is also important to avoid physical exertion in hot, humid conditions. Heat stroke commonly occurs when individuals engage in strenuous physical activity during the hottest times of the day, typically between 10 am and 4 pm. If possible, reschedule outdoor activities to the early morning or evening, when temperatures are cooler. Taking frequent breaks and staying hydrated are also essential to prevent overheating.

For those who must work or exercise in hot environments, it is crucial to take extra precautions. In addition to choosing the right clothing, staying properly hydrated is vital. Drink plenty of water throughout the day, and consider sports drinks or electrolyte-rich beverages to replace lost salts and minerals. Monitor your urine colour—dark urine indicates dehydration. Additionally, measure your weight before and after physical activity to understand how much fluid your body needs.

If you start to feel unwell, stop the activity and seek a cool environment. Signs of heat exhaustion, which can lead to heat stroke, include nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, dizziness, and fatigue. It is important to act quickly and take steps to cool down if you experience any of these symptoms.

Environmental factors and living conditions

Living in urban areas: People living in urban areas are more susceptible to heat stroke during prolonged heat waves due to the "heat island effect." Asphalt and concrete store heat during the day and gradually release it at night, resulting in higher nighttime temperatures. This effect can make it challenging for individuals to find relief from the heat, increasing the risk of heat stroke.

Housing conditions: Those residing in apartments or homes without proper ventilation, fans, or air conditioning are at a higher risk of heat stroke. The lack of airflow can trap heat, contributing to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. If you live in an area with hot summers and don't have access to cooling systems, consider spending at least two hours daily in a public space with air conditioning, such as a mall or community centre.

Geographic location: Individuals living in regions with hot and humid climates are generally at a higher risk of heat stroke. This is particularly true for areas that experience heat waves or prolonged periods of intense heat. If you live in such an area, it is crucial to take extra precautions, such as staying hydrated, wearing lightweight clothing, and limiting outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day.

Outdoor environment: Spending time outdoors in direct sunlight, especially between 11 am and 3 pm, can increase the risk of heat stroke. If you work or spend significant time outdoors, it is essential to take breaks frequently, seek shaded areas, and stay well-hydrated. Additionally, wearing light-coloured, loose-fitting clothing can help reflect sunlight and allow your body to regulate its temperature more effectively.

Indoor environment: During hot weather, it is advisable to close curtains, windows, and blinds during the hottest part of the day to block out direct sunlight and reduce indoor temperature. Keeping windows closed when it is hotter outside than inside can also help prevent external heat from entering the home. Turning off unnecessary electrical equipment and lights that generate heat can further minimise indoor temperature.

Air quality: Poor air quality, often associated with stagnant atmospheric conditions in urban areas, can exacerbate the risk of heat stroke. Air pollution can make it more challenging for individuals to breathe and regulate their body temperature effectively. If you live in an area with poor air quality, pay close attention to heat warnings and limit your outdoor activities during high-pollution periods.

Previous history of heat stroke

If you have had heat stroke in the past, you are more likely to experience it again. This is one of the factors that increase your risk of heat stroke, and you should take preventive measures any time you plan to be in hot conditions.

Heat stroke is a severe heat illness that occurs when your body temperature rises above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). It is a life-threatening condition that can lead to organ failure, coma, or death. The condition can be brought on by exposure to extreme heat or intense physical activity, and it disproportionately affects those with prior health conditions or who live far from medical resources.

The risk factors for heat stroke include age, with infants and the elderly being at particularly high risk due to their bodies' reduced ability to regulate temperature. Other factors include wearing heavy or tight clothing, having certain medical conditions or taking medications that affect the body's ability to regulate temperature, and not being adequately hydrated.

If you have had heat stroke before, it is crucial to take extra precautions to prevent it from occurring again. This includes staying in cool, air-conditioned environments during hot weather, wearing lightweight and loose-fitting clothing, and staying properly hydrated by drinking enough water or electrolyte-rich fluids. It is also important to be aware of the early symptoms of heat stroke, such as behavioural changes, confusion, dizziness, and nausea, and to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing heat stroke.

In summary, a previous history of heat stroke is a significant risk factor, and taking preventive measures and being vigilant about the early signs of heat stroke are crucial to reduce the chances of recurrence and potential health complications.

Frequently asked questions